Carrots (Daucus carota L.) is not native to Indonesia, comes from the temperate countries (sub-tropical) that is derived from the Near East Asia and Central Asia. Found growing wild around 6,500 years ago. Pioneering cultivation of carrots in the first place in the area around the Mediterranean, spread to Europe, Africa, Asia and eventually to all parts of the world which has been famous agricultural region.
1.2. Centers Investment
In Indonesia just cultivation of carrots at first concentrated in the areas of West Java and Cipanas Lembang. But in its development spread to the central regions of vegetables in Java and Outer Java. Based on the results of a survey of agricultural production of vegetables in Indonesia (BPS, 1991) national carrot harvest area reached 13,398 hectares in 16 provinces namely West Java, Central Java, East Java, Bengkulu, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, Lampung , Bali, NTT, East Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Maluku and Irian Jaya.
1.3. Types of Plants
In the taxonomy of plants, carrots are classified as follows:
Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
Division: Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Sub-Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Umbelliferales
Family: Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Genus: Daucus
Species: carrota Daucus L.
Plant carrots are manifold, but when viewed form the tuber can be selected into 3 groups, namely:
a) Type of Chantenay, elliptic with a blunt tip.
b) Type of Imperator, elliptical with pointed toes.
c) Type of Nantes, is a combination of type and chantenay imperator.
1.4. Benefits of Plants
Carrots are foodstuffs (vegetables) is a popular and accessible to all levels of society. Even eating carrots is highly recommended, especially to face the problem of deficiency of vitamin A. In every 100 grams of material containing 12 000 of vitamin A. Is a highly nutritious food, cheap prices and easy to get it.
Aside from being a "storehouse of vitamin A and nutrition", is also efficacious for the disease and maintain beauty. Carrots contain digestive enzymes and diuretic function. Drinking a glass of fresh carrot juice leaves of salt and a teaspoon of lime juice efficacious in anticipation of the formation of deposits in the urinary tract, strengthen the eyes, lungs, heart and liver. Even with only a carrot leaf chewing can heal the wounds in the mouth / bad breath, bleeding gums and canker sores.
II. GROWTH CONDITIONS
2.1. Climate
1. Carrot is a vegetable crop plateau. Plants want to grow carrots at the beginning of cold and humid weather. These plants can ditanaman good all year long dry season and rainy season.
2. Carrot plants need to grow with temperature environments are cold and damp air. For growth and tuber production required an optimal temperature between 15.6 to 21.1 degrees C. Air temperature is too high (hot) often causes small tubers (abnormal) and pale / dull. when the air temperature is too low (very cool), the tubers are formed into small length.
2.2. Planting Media
1. The situation of land suitable for crop carrots are fertile, friable, contains organic matter (humus), of air and water system is running fine (not pooled).
2. The best type of soil is andosol. This soil type generally found in upland areas (mountains).
3. These plants can grow well in acidic soils (pH) between 5.5 to 6.5 for optimum results required pH 6.0 to 6.8. In soil pH less than 5.0, the plant carrots would be difficult to form tubers.
4. Similarly soil treated easily tarnish or excessive manure, often causing fibrous carrot tubers, branched and hairy.
2.3. Altitude Places
In general, Indonesia carrots grown in the highlands at an altitude of 1000-1200 m above sea level. but can also be planted in the plain medium (height of more than 500 m asl.), production and quality is less satisfactory.
III. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR CULTIVATION
3.1. Nurseries
3.1.1. Seed Requirements
To obtain optimal results, the source of seed that a seed must meet the following requirements:
a) Plants grow fast and strong.
b) Free from pests and diseases / health.
c) The shape is uniform.
d) From the short-lived species.
e) Produce high.
3.1.2. Preparation of Seed
Carrots generative propagated by seeds. Seed (seed) carrots can be purchased at shops nearby agricultural production advice, but can also germinate itself, especially for species / varieties of local and non-hybrid carrot.
The farmers in vegetable production centers it is common practice seeding (pembijian) local carrots to the stages of the work as follows:
1. Choose carrots that old plants are quite old (± 3 months), the growth of lush and healthy. Unloading (pull) carrot plants had a choice, then observe the tuber Tuber carrots make a good and healthy parent trees, the normal form (not disabled), shiny skin tone yellow / orange and smooth.
2. Cut the bulb end of the third maximum carrots, trim all leaves with leaf stalks, leaving 10 cm attached to the tuber.
3. Prepare the land for nursery beds carrot-beds can form a completely processed (fostered the optimal enclosure).
4. Make the planting hole with a hoe tool / single spacing of 40-60 cm x 40-60 cm.
5. Bulb planting carrots in the planting hole, padatkan soil slowly to cover the neck of the stem.
6. Make shallow grooves along the rows of plants (tubers) carrots as far as ± 5 cm from the stem (in the form of fertilizer by the drill hole).
7. Lakukakan provision of artificial fertilizers in the form of a mixture of ZA + SP + KCl (1:2:2) as much as 10 g / plant, and fertilizer was immediately covered with a thin soil.
8. Maintain the garden carrot seeds for ± 3 months to produce the fruit stalk and seeds in large quantities.
9. Pick the fruit stalk carrots are old (dry), then dry in the sun to dry to take the seeds.
Procedure for preparation of carrot seeds are as follows:
1. Choose a good carrot seed, which is derived from the improved varieties, pure, and high kecambahnya power (more than 90%).
2. Instigation carrot seeds with both hands to each other between the seed is not berlekatan.
3. Soak the seeds of carrots in cold water for 12-24 hours in warm water or lukewarm (60 degrees C) for 15 minutes. The purpose of accelerating the process of soaking the seed is perkecambahannya.
4. Drain the carrot seeds in a container, eg Tampah to become quite dry. Carrot seed is ready to be planted (deployed) in the fields.
3.1.3. Seeds Seeding Technique
Sprinkle carrot seeds directly in the planting, can be spread evenly on the beds or with dicicir elongated in a row. Line distance of at least 15 cm, then when it grows to do thinning so that the carrot plants within 3-5 cm of each other.
The need of seed for planting every acre between 150-200 grams. The vegetable farmers rarely use more than 10 kg of seeds for each hectare. Carrot seeds will begin to germinate after 8-12 days.
3.1.4. Maintenance Nurseries / Seeding
During the planting, maintenance is relatively easy carrot, ie weeding, fertilizing along with old plants at 1 month after planting. Fertilizers are provided in the form ZA 2 and ZK 1 quintal quintal / hectare is placed as far as 5 cm from the trunk, either parallel to the line and dissolved in water to pour to the ground.
To stimulate the creation of optimal tuber should be supported as well as dilute pengguludan pembubunan and plants that grow very tightly. Leave plants whose growth is good and healthy at a distance of 5-10 cm.
To control insect pests aphids and S. Semiaphis daucisi attacker leaves and carrot root fly Psilarosae pit need to be sprayed insecticides are recommended, eg Folidol 0.2%.
3.2. Media Processing Plant
3.2.1. Preparation
At first, the soil dug as deep as 40 cm, and given manure or compost as much as 15 tons per hectare. The treated soil was leveled and made grooves as deep as 1 cm and 15-20 cm distance between the grooves.
The area that will be used as a garden of carrots, the soil is quite deep and perfectly processed, then given manure 20 tons / ha, either mixed or by bolt while leveling the ground. Ideally prepared in the form of bed-bed width 100 cm and immediately made alur-alur/larikan distance of 20 cm, until ready to be planted.
3.2.2. Land Opening
1. Opening Land
1. Tripe trees or shrubs or other plants that are not useful.
2. Clear the land of weeds (weeds), gravel and other crop residues.
2. Soil Processing
1. Tillage depth of 30-40 cm until crumbly structure with tools hoes, plow / tractor.
2. Let the dry land in the wind for at least 15 days, so that future state of the soil is fully cooked.
3.2.3. Formation beds
1. Sports ground for the second time with a hoe until crumbly soil structure increases.
2. Make beds, beds with width 120-150 cm, height 30-40 cm, 50-60 cm spacing between beds and the length depends on the state land.
3.2.4. Liming
1. Do liming acid soil when pH is below 5 by sprinkling lime materials such as Calcit, Dolomite or Zeagro an evenly over the soil surface. Lime dose given ranged from 0.75 to 10.24 tons / ha.
2. Mix the lime with the soil top layer (top soil) with a reversed until completely uniform. If no rain, which had been limed soil should be watered (irrigated) until quite wet.
3.2.5. Fertilization
1. Spread the manure that has been cooked (so) as much as 15-20 tonnes / ha in the surface of the bed, then mix with top soil evenly. On the ground is still fertile (former cabbage or potatoes), provision of fertilizer can be eliminated.
2. Flatten the surface of the bed so it looked flat and neat.
3.3. Planting Technique
3.3.1. Determination of Plant Patterns
Hoe the garden soil as deep as 30-40 cm and digemburkan. After that the plant beds for approximately 100 cm wide and made guritan with distance less than 20 cm.
3.3.2. Preparation of planting hole
Cultivated soil as deep as 30-40 cm until crumbly structure by using a tractor / plow and hoe tool.
3.3.3. Planting Method
The procedure for planting (sowing) seeds of carrots through the stages as follows:
1. Spread (sprinkle) carrot seeds evenly in alur-alur/garitan-garitan available.
2. Close the carrot seeds with thin soil as deep as 0.5 to 1 cm.
3. Make shallow grooves as far as 5 cm from the seed row direction (lengthwise) to lay a basic fertilizer. Given type of fertilizer is a mixture of TSP ± 400 kg (200 kg ± O5/ha P2) with KCl 150 kg (± 75 kg K2O/ha).
4. Spread the fertilizer evenly, then cover with a thin soil.
5. Close each kerf (groove) with dry leaves or banana leaf midrib for 7-10 days to prevent hanyutnya carrot seeds by sprinkling (pouring) water also functions to maintain the stability of soil moisture. Once the carrot seeds grow on the soil surface, the cover was opened again soon.
3.4. Maintenance of Plant
3.4.1. Thinning and Stitching
Carrot crop thinning performed at 1-month-old plants after planting. The goal is to obtain crop thinning carrots fast growing and fertile, so that the production may be high.
3.4.2. Weeding
Weeds (weeds) that grow around the garden is a competitor in the carrot plant needs water, sunlight, nutrients, etc., so it must be weeded. When weeding is usually when the plants carrots 1 month old, along with subsequent thinning and fertilizing plants.
A good way of weeding out the weeds with tools kored / hoe. Weeds that grow in the ditch cleaned so as not to be a nest of pests and diseases. Soil around the plant rows of carrots digemburkan, then ditimbunkan to the base of the stem so that one day carrots tuber covered by soil.
3.4.3. Pembubunan
Pendangiran done at plant age 1 month, when the plants will form roots, especially after the rain. When this is done well pendangiran pembubunan.
3.4.4. Fertilization
Type of fertilizer used for subsequent fertilization is urea or ZA. Dose of urea fertilizer is 100 kg / ha or ZA 200 kg / ha. Timing of fertilizer aftershocks done simultaneously with weeding activities, namely during the 1-month-old carrot plants.
A good way of fertilizing is to spread evenly in the grooves or shallow kerf, kerf or put fertilizer into the hole (drill) as far as 5-10 cm of carrot sticks, and then immediately covered with soil and watered, or watered until sufficiently wet.
3.4.5. Irrigation and Watering
In the initial phase of growth, carrot plants require adequate water, so it needs to be watered (irrigated) continuously 1-2 times a day, especially during the dry season. When the plants have grown large carrots, then watering can be reduced. The important thing to note is that the soil does not dry.
3.4.6. Pesticide Spraying time
Chemical control can be done using the insecticide Furadan 3 G or 3 G Indofuran at planting or sprayed Hostathion 40 EC and others at the recommended concentration.
3.5. Pests and Diseases
3.5.1. Pest
1. Caterpillars of land (Agrotis Ipsilon Hufn.)
These pests often called uler langurs (Java) or hileud Taneuh (Sunda) and "Cutworms" (UK). Adult insects in the form of a butterfly dark brown, the front wings are striped and white dots. Stage of plant pest is the caterpillar or larva. Characteristics: caterpillar soil is brown to black, between 4-5 cm long and hide in the soil. Symptoms: caterpillars attack the shoots of land or growing point of young carrot plants. As a result of the attack, plants wilted or drooping, especially on the pest-damaged plants. Non-chemical control: done by collecting caterpillars in the morning or afternoon, from where the suspect used his attacks to be killed immediately, keep cleaning the garden and crop rotation. Chemical control: using the insecticide Furadan 3G or 3G Indofuran at planting or sprayed Hostathion 40 EC and others at the recommended concentration.
2. Aphids (aphids, Aphis spp.)
Characteristics: Adult aphids are green to black, live in groups under leaves or in plant shoots. Symptoms: attack the plant by sucking the liquid cell, causing the leaf curl or abnormal. Control: set the time of planting simultaneously in a single stretch of land to break the cycle of life.
3. Flies or magot (Psila Rosae)
Symptoms: The stage is often destructive plant pests are the larvae carrots. The larvae enter the roots by gnawing or drilling holes. Control: crop rotation with a type that does not sefamili or sprayed insecticide Decis 2.5 EC and others with the recommended dosage.
3.5.2. Disease
1. Cercospora leaf spot
Cause: The fungus (mold) Cercospora carotae (Pass.) Solheim. Symptoms: in the leaves arising old brown patches of pink or white with dark brown edges to black. Control: (1) disinfect the seed with fungicide solution containing copper chloride one permil for 5 minutes, (2) crop rotation with other types of non sefamili, (3) cleaning the remains of plants from around the garden, (4) spraying fungicide mangkus and sangkil such as Dithane M-45 0.2%.
2. Nematodes nodule
Cause: The micro-organisms cyst nematode (Heterodera carotae). Symptoms: The bulbs and roots of carrot plants become malformed, abnormal bumpy. Control: to crop rotation with other types that do not sefamili, pemberaan land and the use of such nematisida Rhocap Rugby 10 G or 10 G
3. Alternaria rot
Cause: The fungus Alternaria dauci Kuhn. Symptoms: The leaf spots occur small, dark brown black sampi surrounded by a network of green-yellow (klorotik). At the root there are symptoms of an irregular patches of shape, then decaying dark black to black. Control: same as how that is done on Cercospora.
3.6. Harvest
3.6.1. Characteristics and Harvest
The characteristics of plants harvested carrots was time are as follows:
1. Plant carrots that have been aged ± 3 months from seed or spread dependent varieties. Ideal varieties harvested at the age of 100-120 days after planting (HST). Variety Caroline 95 HST., All Season Variety Cross HST 120., 110 Cross Royal Variety HST., A local cultivar Lembang HST 100-110.
2. Tuber size has a maximum and not too old. Harvest is too old (late) can cause the bulbs to be hard and berkatu, so the quality is low or not sold marketed. Similarly, harvesting too early will only produce small-sized tubers, so that production decreased (low).
Special age when harvested young or "Baby Carrot" can be done using the following criteria:
1. age harvest about 50-60 days after planting.
2. tuber size of your thumb, between 6-10 cm in length and diameter of about 1-2 cm.
3.6.2. How to Harvest
How to harvest carrots relatively easy, that is by pulling the entire plant with the tuber. A good crop and intensively maintained between the tuber can produce 20-30 tons / hectare.
3.7. Postharvest
3.7.1. Collection
Collect the entire clump (plants) harvested after a carrot on a vantage point, for example, on the edge of a shady garden, or in the storage warehouse.
3.7.2. Sorting and Classification
a) Choose a good while separating bulbs tubers damaged, defective, or bad in itself.
b) Classify a good carrot tubers based on a uniform size and shape.
3.7.3. Storage
Save harvest carrots in a container or room temperature is cool and well ventilated.
3.7.4. Packaging and Transport
a) Tie tubers carrots into certain allegiances so practical in the transport and storage.
b) Cut some leaf stalks to set aside about 15-20 cm.
c) Transport of carrots into the market by using means of transport available in the local area.
Especially for the target market Supermarkets, Gelael, Hero, and others in major cities, carrot tubers usually packaged in plastic bags or containers of clear polyethylene.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar